Another scenario considers a pipe sensor (example: Vishay’s NTCAPIP Series’) being clipped to a tube to measure its temperature. An associated real world application is measurement of a hot water heater tube to regulate water temperature. Its simulation results are: the red curve shows the temperature of the pipe thermistor as it is clipped onto a tube whose surface temperature is 73°C, shown by the green curve. After some time, the part stabilizes around 71°C resulting in a thermal gradient of approximately 2°C. The gradient parameter is adjusted in the model to fit this measurement and is shown by the blue curves. The model PARAMS is grad (°C/°C).